CALWELL LUNAR OBSERVATORY

ANALYSIS OF LUNAR ECLIPSE OBSERVATIONS

CRATER TIMING REDUCTIONS FOR 1997 MARCH 23-24

OBSERVER 1: ZYL KOOS VAN, Johannesburg, South Africa.

NUMBER OF TIMINGS SUBMITTED 5

OBSERVER'S COMMENTS:

Observed with a 4" reflector. Mist drifted in front of the moon. Extremely poor seeing, causing undefined umbral shadow, and preventing detailed observation. Therefore accuracy of timings questionable.

IMMERSION TIMINGS

FEATURE	TYPE	TIME (UT)	Rc	Ro	Ro-Rc	E%	PSI (+N/-S)	X	Y	R
TYCHO	1C	3.2039	0.7058	0.7206	0.0148	2.0934	-42.1220	-0.1116	-0.6837	0.6928
TYCHO	2C	3.2252	0.7058	0.7166	0.0108	1.5295	-42.7464	-0.1114	-0.6837	0.6928
ARISTARCHUS	1C	3.2537	0.7045	0.7199	0.0155	2.1986	70.4950	-0.6493	0.4027	0.7640
COPERNICUS	1C	3.2900	0.7044	0.7260	0.0216	3.0719	63.4309	-0.2970	0.1695	0.3420
COPERNICUS	2C	3.3122	0.7043	0.7265	0.0221	3.1406	64.5679	-0.2967	0.1695	0.3417

NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS 5

MEAN % E FOR TIMINGS 2.4068,

STANDARD DEVIATION 0.6878,

MEAN ERROR 0.308

OBSERVER 2: VITAL HELIO C., Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

NUMBER OF TIMINGS SUBMITTED 62

LOCATION: LAT.= 22d 55m 01.0s S ; LONG.= 43d 15m 34.3s W ; ALT.= 42m

CONDITIONS: Excellent

INSTRUMENT: D = 6cm f/13.3 Refractor at 40x.

OBSERVER'S COMMENTS:

1. A relatively bright and colourful eclipse confirming current brightening trend. Many details of the eclipsed regions remained visible throughout the eclipse such as the limb, several craters and the maria. I could distinguish three differently illuminated regions, the bright uneclipsed north-east cap (5 % of the moon's disk), a central greenish band (50 %) and a reddish band on the south-west of the moon's disk (45 %). The Danjon number for this eclipse was estimated at 3.

2. A sharply defined umbral edge was noticed, which accounts for the small standard deviation (and mean error) of the umbral enlargement (%E) during immersions.

3. The umbral edge was slightly less sharp during emersions, as the larger scatter in the timings shows.

4. This eclipse probed the moon's artic region and consequently many crater contacts occurred at larger position angles on the umbral edge. This made the crater timings more sensitive to umbral oblateness, or flattening. In addition, variation in the ozone and cloud cover at high northern latitudes of the earth may have significantly affected the observed radius of the umbra.

BRAZILIAN OBSERVATIONAL ASTRONOMY NETWORK (REA/BRAZIL)

IMMERSION TIMINGS

FEATURE	TYPE	TIME (UT)	Rc	Ro	Ro-Rc	E%	PSI (+N/-S)	X	Y	R
FIRST CONTACT	PRIMARY	2.5747	0.7063	0.7191	0.0128	1.8111	-47.2683	-0.9254	-0.3790	1.0000
RICCIOLI	MID	3.0244	0.7055	0.7184	0.0130	1.8360	-55.7166	-0.9484	-0.0520	0.9499
GRIMALDI	MID	3.0309	0.7054	0.7194	0.0140	1.9805	-54.7529	-0.9102	-0.0902	0.9146
BILLY	MID	3.0643	0.7053	0.7218	0.0165	2.3447	-51.3682	-0.7186	-0.2378	0.7569
CAMPANUS	MID	3.1514	0.7054	0.7192	0.0138	1.9535	-46.7811	-0.3781	-0.4686	0.6021
KEPLER	MID	3.1943	0.7046	0.7239	0.0193	2.7371	62.2457	-0.5765	0.1418	0.5937
TYCHO	MID	3.2043	0.7058	0.7266	0.0208	2.9415	-42.1395	-0.1116	-0.6837	0.6928
ARISTARCHUS	MID	3.2626	0.7044	0.7189	0.0144	2.0487	70.9302	-0.6493	0.4027	0.7640
COPERNICUS	MID	3.3100	0.7044	0.7215	0.0171	2.4318	64.3894	-0.2967	0.1695	0.3418
PYTHEAS	MID	3.3712	0.7042	0.7222	0.0180	2.5528	70.3855	-0.2905	0.3512	0.4558
ALBUFEDA E	MID	3.3730	0.7045	0.7283	0.0238	3.3816	60.1116	0.0442	0.0011	0.0442
TIMOCHARIS	MID	3.4614	0.7041	0.7216	0.0175	2.4827	74.7648	-0.1627	0.4503	0.4788
DIONYSIUS	MID	3.5021	0.7045	0.7223	0.0178	2.5265	63.1409	0.3390	0.0499	0.3427
STEVINUS A	MID	3.5039	0.7058	0.7216	0.0157	2.2299	-48.5992	0.6907	-0.5279	0.8693
MANILIUS	MID	3.5123	0.7042	0.7228	0.0186	2.6401	68.9545	0.1956	0.2498	0.3172
MENELAUS	MID	3.5712	0.7042	0.7198	0.0156	2.2092	70.8238	0.3063	0.2800	0.4150
CENSORINUS	MID	3.5812	0.7047	0.7177	0.0130	1.8426	-62.7414	0.5794	-0.0061	0.5794
GOCLENIUS	MID	3.5840	0.7051	0.7215	0.0164	2.3196	-58.1280	0.7286	-0.1729	0.7488
PLINIUS	MID	4.0100	0.7043	0.7206	0.0163	2.3086	70.7557	0.4279	0.2648	0.5032
LANGRENUS	MID	4.0551	0.7053	0.7140	0.0087	1.2274	-59.7660	0.8855	-0.1542	0.8988
PICO	MID	4.0622	0.7042	0.7214	0.0172	2.4412	88.6119	-0.0753	0.7201	0.7240
TARUNTIUS	MID	4.0654	0.7048	0.7221	0.0173	2.4611	66.3562	0.7543	0.0983	0.7607
PROCLUS	MID	4.1312	0.7046	0.7194	0.0149	2.1103	72.7961	0.7332	0.2780	0.7841
PLATO	MID	4.1400	0.7043	0.7193	0.0150	2.1300	86.0275	-0.0691	0.7822	0.7853
POSIDONIUS	MID	4.1446	0.7042	0.7210	0.0168	2.3849	81.7166	0.4598	0.5278	0.7000
MARE CRISIUM	MID	4.1731	0.7048	0.7179	0.0131	1.8530	72.8815	0.8597	0.2593	0.8979
EUDOXUS	MID	4.1815	0.7042	0.7208	0.0166	2.3566	89.9397	0.2355	0.6979	0.7366
ARISTOTELES	MID	4.2508	0.7044	0.7219	0.0175	2.4845	84.7310	0.2219	0.7678	0.7993

NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS 28

MEAN % E FOR TIMINGS 2.2867,

STANDARD DEVIATION 0.4091,

MEAN ERROR 0.077

EMERSION TIMINGS

FEATURE	TYPE	TIME (UT)	Rc	Ro	Ro-Rc	E%	PSI (+N/-S)	X	Y	R
FOURTH CONTACT	PRIMARY	6.2103	0.7088	0.7194	0.0105	1.4846	-12.0083	0.8016	-0.5979	1.0000
PLATO	MID	4.5502	0.7054	0.7211	0.0157	2.2313	58.1383	-0.0653	0.7822	0.7850
ARISTOTELES	MID	5.0021	0.7053	0.7196	0.0143	2.0293	60.8728	0.2250	0.7679	0.8001
PICO	MID	5.0122	0.7055	0.7198	0.0142	2.0172	53.7308	-0.0697	0.7201	0.7235
ARISTARCHUS	MID	5.0820	0.7067	0.7205	0.0138	1.9509	35.5108	-0.6395	0.4027	0.7557
EUDOXUS	MID	5.1017	0.7056	0.7215	0.0159	2.2555	54.5278	0.2407	0.6979	0.7383
RICCIOLI	MID	5.1620	0.7078	0.7188	0.0110	1.5551	-20.4182	-0.9421	-0.0520	0.9435
TIMOCHARIS	MID	5.1828	0.7062	0.7196	0.0134	1.9028	39.7698	-0.1507	0.4503	0.4749
GRIMALDI	MID	5.1858	0.7078	0.7214	0.0137	1.9339	-19.3620	-0.9019	-0.0901	0.9064
PYTHEAS	MID	5.2026	0.7064	0.7211	0.0147	2.0790	35.2606	-0.2769	0.3512	0.4473
AUTOLYCUS	MID	5.2119	0.7060	0.7226	0.0166	2.3467	43.0614	0.0722	0.5100	0.5151
KEPLER	MID	5.2154	0.7070	0.7254	0.0185	2.6129	26.8836	-0.5619	0.1418	0.5796
COPERNICUS	MID	5.2835	0.7067	0.7248	0.0181	2.5622	28.8761	-0.2804	0.1696	0.3277
BILLY	MID	5.2918	0.7076	0.7263	0.0187	2.6363	-15.8851	-0.7047	-0.2378	0.7437
POSIDONIUS	MID	5.2943	0.7061	0.7227	0.0166	2.3539	46.1978	0.4676	0.5278	0.7052
MANILIUS	MID	5.3823	0.7065	0.7233	0.0168	2.3710	33.6761	0.2106	0.2498	0.3267
MENELAUS	MID	5.3929	0.7065	0.7210	0.0145	2.0509	35.4615	0.3200	0.2800	0.4252
PLINIUS	MID	5.4330	0.7065	0.7216	0.0150	2.1249	35.4083	0.4409	0.2649	0.5143
CAMPANUS	MID	5.4340	0.7076	0.7178	0.0102	1.4471	-11.5995	-0.3605	-0.4685	0.5912
DIONYSIUS	MID	5.5057	0.7069	0.7270	0.0201	2.8475	27.5265	0.3557	0.0499	0.3592
PROCLUS	MID	5.5140	0.7068	0.7260	0.0191	2.7081	36.8048	0.7421	0.2780	0.7925
MARE CRISIUM	MID	5.5349	0.7070	0.7162	0.0092	1.3049	37.8001	0.8658	0.2593	0.9038
TYCHO	MID	5.5636	0.7078	0.7229	0.0151	2.1277	-7.0230	-0.0950	-0.6837	0.6903
CENSORINUS	MID	5.5900	0.7071	0.7236	0.0165	2.3312	-27.0271	0.5938	-0.0060	0.5939
TARUNTIUS	MID	5.5944	0.7071	0.7234	0.0163	2.3019	30.9816	0.7650	0.0983	0.7713
GOCLENIUS	MID	6.0807	0.7075	0.7199	0.0124	1.7486	-22.9781	0.7411	-0.1729	0.7610
NICOLAIA	MID	6.0900	0.7079	0.7194	0.0115	1.6236	-8.6914	0.3406	-0.6748	0.7559
LANGRENUS	MID	6.1211	0.7078	0.7221	0.0143	2.0272	-23.9110	0.8935	-0.1542	0.9067

NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS 28

MEAN % E FOR TIMINGS 2.1059,

STANDARD DEVIATION 0.3954,

MEAN ERROR 0.075,

OBSERVER 3: FERNANDES PAULO & COELHO ANTONIO C. A.,

Brasilia, DF, Brazil.

NUMBER OF TIMINGS SUBMITTED 23

LOCATION: LAT.= 16d 08m 32.6s S ; LONG.= 48d 00m 16.8s W ; ALT.= 933m

CONDITIONS: Excellent

INSTRUMENT: D = 13.5cm f/8.3 Reflector at 30x

IMMERSION TIMINGS

FEATURE	TYPE	TIME (UT)	Rc	Ro	Ro-Rc	E%	PSI (+N/-S)	X	Y	R
ARISTARCHUS	MID	3.2540	0.7045	0.7228	0.0183	2.5993	70.5182	-0.6493	0.4027	0.7640
COPERNICUS	MID	3.3050	0.7044	0.7224	0.0181	2.5682	64.3081	-0.2968	0.1695	0.3418
ERATOSTHENES	MID	3.3729	0.7042	0.7301	0.0258	3.6656	66.8580	-0.1475	0.2514	0.2915
TIMOCHARIS	MID	3.4605	0.7041	0.7223	0.0182	2.5802	74.6804	-0.1627	0.4503	0.4788
DIONYSIUS	MID	3.5040	0.7045	0.7204	0.0159	2.2619	63.2927	0.3391	0.0499	0.3428
MANILIUS	MID	3.5155	0.7042	0.7200	0.0158	2.2431	69.2343	0.1957	0.2498	0.3173
MENELAUS	MID	3.5720	0.7042	0.7191	0.0149	2.1138	70.8957	0.3063	0.2800	0.4150
PLINIUS	MID	4.0050	0.7043	0.7214	0.0171	2.4282	70.6663	0.4279	0.2648	0.5032
PICO	MID	4.0430	0.7042	0.7267	0.0225	3.1934	87.4353	-0.0755	0.7201	0.7241
LANGRENUS	MID	4.0530	0.7053	0.7162	0.0108	1.5383	-59.6070	0.8855	-0.1542	0.8988
TARUNTIUS	MID	4.0720	0.7048	0.7197	0.0149	2.1200	66.5755	0.7544	0.0983	0.7608
PROCLUS	MID	4.1240	0.7046	0.7220	0.0174	2.4762	72.5023	0.7331	0.2780	0.7840
PLATO	MID	4.1430	0.7043	0.7183	0.0140	1.9893	85.6997	-0.0690	0.7822	0.7853

NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS 13

MEAN % E FOR TIMINGS 2.4444,

STANDARD DEVIATION 0.5345,

MEAN ERROR 0.148

EMERSION TIMINGS

FEATURE	TYPE	TIME (UT)	Rc	Ro	Ro-Rc	E%	PSI (+N/-S)	X	Y	R
ARISTARCHUS	MID	5.0755	0.7067	0.7183	0.0117	1.6544	35.7357	-0.6395	0.4027	0.7558
COPERNICUS	MID	5.2750	0.7067	0.7205	0.0138	1.9500	29.2416	-0.2805	0.1696	0.3278
DIONYSIUS	MID	5.4952	0.7069	0.7206	0.0137	1.9422	28.0426	0.3556	0.0499	0.3590
PICO	MID	5.0340	0.7056	0.7262	0.0206	2.9186	52.2763	-0.0694	0.7201	0.7235
REINER	MID	5.1450	0.7072	0.7239	0.0167	2.3637	27.0178	-0.7719	0.1692	0.7902
GRIMALDI	MID	5.1844	0.7078	0.7199	0.0121	1.7117	-19.4567	-0.9019	-0.0901	0.9064
ENCKE	MID	5.2333	0.7069	0.7104	0.0036	0.5060	27.3032	-0.4619	0.1038	0.4734
POSIDONIUS	MID	5.2825	0.7060	0.7179	0.0119	1.6838	46.9855	0.4675	0.5278	0.7051

NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS 8

MEAN % E FOR TIMINGS 1.8413,

STANDARD DEVIATION 0.6882,

MEAN ERROR 0.243,

OBSERVER 4: GARCIA J. ANTÔNIO C. & AGUIAR MARIA Y. F.,

Vitoria, ES, Brazil.

NUMBER OF TIMINGS SUBMITTED 56

LOCATION: LAT.= 20d 16m 41s S ; LONG.= 40d 18m 25s W ; ALT.= 26m

CONDITIONS: Excellent

IMMERSION TIMINGS

FEATURE	TYPE	TIME (UT)	Rc	Ro	Ro-Rc	E%	PSI (+N/-S)	X	Y	R
FIRST CONTACT	PRIMARY	2.5757	0.7063	0.7179	0.0116	1.6377	-47.3240	-0.9254	-0.3790	1.0000
RICCIOLI	MID	3.0306	0.7055	0.7160	0.0105	1.4911	-55.8698	-0.9484	-0.0520	0.9498
GRIMALDI	MID	3.0307	0.7054	0.7196	0.0142	2.0123	-54.7393	-0.9102	-0.0902	0.9146
BILLY	MID	3.0701	0.7053	0.7197	0.0144	2.0467	-51.4803	-0.7185	-0.2378	0.7569
REINER	MID	3.1407	0.7048	0.7175	0.0127	1.8081	62.7753	-0.7827	0.1692	0.8007
CAMPANUS	MID	3.1516	0.7054	0.7190	0.0135	1.9187	-46.7920	-0.3781	-0.4686	0.6021
KEPLER	MID	3.1938	0.7046	0.7244	0.0198	2.8080	62.2066	-0.5765	0.1418	0.5937
TYCHO	MID	3.2102	0.7058	0.7241	0.0183	2.5973	-42.2274	-0.1116	-0.6837	0.6928
ARISTARCHUS	MID	3.2611	0.7044	0.7201	0.0157	2.2277	70.7954	-0.6493	0.4027	0.7640
COPERNICUS	MID	3.3023	0.7044	0.7251	0.0207	2.9377	64.0896	-0.2968	0.1695	0.3418
EULER	MID	3.3424	0.7042	0.7224	0.0182	2.5784	71.4306	-0.4111	0.3965	0.5711
PYTHEAS	MID	3.3654	0.7042	0.7237	0.0195	2.7701	70.2258	-0.2905	0.3512	0.4558
TIMOCHARIS	MID	3.4552	0.7041	0.7233	0.0192	2.7213	74.5587	-0.1627	0.4503	0.4788
DIONYSIUS	MID	3.4958	0.7045	0.7246	0.0201	2.8479	62.9583	0.3390	0.0499	0.3426
MANILIUS	MID	3.5126	0.7042	0.7226	0.0183	2.6027	68.9806	0.1956	0.2498	0.3173
MENELAUS	MID	3.5701	0.7042	0.7207	0.0165	2.3406	70.7252	0.3063	0.2800	0.4150
CENSORINUS	MID	3.5800	0.7047	0.7189	0.0142	2.0114	-62.6460	0.5794	-0.0061	0.5794
AUTOLYCUS	MID	3.5900	0.7041	0.7168	0.0127	1.8064	79.1412	0.0618	0.5100	0.5137
PLINIUS	MID	4.0100	0.7043	0.7206	0.0163	2.3086	70.7557	0.4279	0.2648	0.5032
LANGRENUS	MID	4.0435	0.7054	0.7220	0.0166	2.3562	-59.1952	0.8854	-0.1542	0.8988
PICO	MID	4.0619	0.7042	0.7215	0.0173	2.4608	88.5801	-0.0753	0.7201	0.7240
TARUNTIUS	MID	4.0719	0.7048	0.7198	0.0150	2.1331	66.5670	0.7544	0.0983	0.7608
PROCLUS	MID	4.1255	0.7046	0.7208	0.0162	2.3043	72.6398	0.7331	0.2780	0.7841
PLATO	MID	4.1515	0.7043	0.7169	0.0126	1.7844	85.2064	-0.0690	0.7822	0.7853
MARE CRISIUM	MID	4.1720	0.7048	0.7188	0.0139	1.9783	72.7798	0.8597	0.2593	0.8979
EUDOXUS	MID	4.1838	0.7042	0.7199	0.0156	2.2175	89.8145	0.2356	0.6979	0.7366
ARISTOTELES	MID	4.2509	0.7044	0.7219	0.0175	2.4802	84.7201	0.2219	0.7678	0.7993

NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS 27

MEAN % E FOR TIMINGS 2.2662,

STANDARD DEVIATION 0.3931,

MEAN ERROR 0.076

EMERSION TIMINGS

FEATURE	TYPE	TIME (UT)	Rc	Ro	Ro-Rc	E%	PSI (+N/-S)	X	Y	R
FOURTH CONTACT	PRIMARY	6.2128	0.7088	0.7224	0.0136	1.9179	-11.8695	0.8016	-0.5979	1.0000
PLATO	MID	4.5607	0.7054	0.7234	0.0180	2.5525	57.4346	-0.0652	0.7822	0.7850
LAPLACE	MID	4.5800	0.7057	0.7218	0.0161	2.2770	51.6511	-0.2690	0.7201	0.7687
ARISTOTELES	MID	5.0100	0.7053	0.7207	0.0154	2.1841	60.4443	0.2251	0.7679	0.8002
PICO	MID	4.5900	0.7055	0.7136	0.0082	1.1593	55.2539	-0.0699	0.7201	0.7235
ARISTARCHUS	MID	5.0900	0.7067	0.7238	0.0172	2.4285	35.1536	-0.6394	0.4027	0.7557
EUDOXUS	MID	5.1050	0.7056	0.7229	0.0173	2.4563	54.1767	0.2408	0.6979	0.7383
REINER	MID	5.1415	0.7072	0.7204	0.0132	1.8704	27.2937	-0.7719	0.1692	0.7903
EULER	MID	5.1545	0.7064	0.7244	0.0180	2.5411	35.9734	-0.3988	0.3965	0.5624
RICCIOLI	MID	5.1638	0.7078	0.7208	0.0130	1.8373	-20.2936	-0.9421	-0.0520	0.9435
GRIMALDI	MID	5.1835	0.7078	0.7189	0.0111	1.5689	-19.5178	-0.9019	-0.0901	0.9064
TIMOCHARIS	MID	5.1900	0.7062	0.7221	0.0159	2.2454	39.4685	-0.1506	0.4503	0.4749
PYTHEAS	MID	5.2015	0.7064	0.7202	0.0138	1.9477	35.3589	-0.2769	0.3512	0.4473
AUTOLYCUS	MID	5.2145	0.7060	0.7244	0.0184	2.5993	42.8088	0.0723	0.5100	0.5151
KEPLER	MID	5.2150	0.7070	0.7250	0.0181	2.5563	26.9148	-0.5620	0.1418	0.5796
COPERNICUS	MID	5.2657	0.7067	0.7154	0.0087	1.2343	29.6778	-0.2806	0.1696	0.3279
BILLY	MID	5.2854	0.7076	0.7234	0.0158	2.2387	-16.0331	-0.7047	-0.2378	0.7437
POSIDONIUS	MID	5.2954	0.7061	0.7234	0.0173	2.4500	46.0875	0.4677	0.5278	0.7052
MANILIUS	MID	5.3742	0.7065	0.7197	0.0132	1.8651	34.0348	0.2105	0.2498	0.3266
MENELAUS	MID	5.3940	0.7065	0.7219	0.0154	2.1819	35.3632	0.3200	0.2800	0.4253
PLINIUS	MID	5.4345	0.7066	0.7228	0.0163	2.3039	35.2744	0.4409	0.2649	0.5144
CAMPANUS	MID	5.4500	0.7076	0.7277	0.0201	2.8385	-11.1660	-0.3604	-0.4685	0.5911
DIONYSIUS	MID	5.5000	0.7069	0.7214	0.0145	2.0532	27.9786	0.3556	0.0499	0.3591
PROCLUS	MID	5.5035	0.7068	0.7207	0.0139	1.9644	37.3980	0.7420	0.2780	<